Neocortical Dynamics: Implications for
Understanding the Role of Neurofeedback and
Related Techniques for the Enhancement of AttentionJoel F. Lubar1
For nearly 25 years, EEG biofeedback (neurofeedback) has been utilized in research and
clinical settings for the treatment and investigation of a number of disorders ranging from
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder to seizure disorders as well as many other established
and investigational applications. Until recently, mechanisms underlying the generation and
origins of EEG have been poorfy understood but now are beginning to become much man;
clarified Now it is important to combine the information gathered on the genesis of EEG
and neocortical dynamics with the findings from neurofeedback investigations. This will help
us to develop models of how neurofeedback might operate in producing the changes in EEG
and in clinical symptomatology. We know that the cortex operates in terms of resonant loops
between neocortical columns of cells known as local, regional, and global resonances. These
resonances determine the specific EEG frequencies and are often activated by groups of cells
in the thalamus known as pacemakers. There are complex excitatory and inhibitory
interactions within the cortex and between the cortex and the thalamus that allow these loops
to operate and provide the basis for learning. Neurofeedback is a technique for modifying
these resonant loops, and hence, modifying the neurophysiological and neurological basis for
learning and for the management of a number of neurologically based disorders. This paper
provides an introduction to understanding EEC and neocortical dynamics and how these
concepts can be used to explain the results of neurofeedback training and other interventions
particularly in the context of understanding attentive mechanisms and for the management
of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders.
KEY WORDS: words: neocortical dynamics; neurofeedback; attention; ADHD; ADD.